Baby Formula, Paint, Breast Implants: Report Highlights ‘Overlooked’, ‘Emerging’ Sources of Microplastic Exposure

The report, which draws on over 350 peer-reviewed studies examining human exposure to microplastics, identifies often overlooked and emerging sources of these “pervasive, abundant, invisible, chemical-mixture-carrying pollutants.”

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A new major report reveals the staggering extent of daily microplastic exposure, describing an inescapable “microplastic storm” stemming from a variety of overlooked and newly identified sources.

Microplastics – tiny plastic particles measuring less than 5 millimeters in diameter, close in size to a sesame seed, that result from the degradation of larger plastics – have been found everywhere, from bottled drinking water to mammal feces, near the summit of Mount Everest, in human blood and organs, and even the air we breathe. But the new report, released Wednesday, argues that much of it comes from less obvious or emerging sources that have so far received less attention.

Researchers mapped microplastic release across five categories: outdoor sources, indoor environments, children’s products, healthcare and personal care, and food and drink. They described microplastics as “pervasive, abundant, invisible, chemical-mixture-carrying pollutants … lurking in every corner of our lives, starting before birth.”

Overlooked Sources

The report, commissioned by Netherlands-based Plastic Soup Foundation, reviews over 350 peer-reviewed studies examining human exposure to microplastics to compile a comprehensive database of sources of these pollutants.

While some sources are obvious, such as foods and drinks coming in plastic packaging, others are sometimes overlooked. In clinical settings, for instance, the very tools used to save lives are inadvertently introducing plastic into the human body.

According to the report, operating rooms are significant hotspots for microplastic fallout, with concentrations reaching up to 9,258 particles per square meter during a single work shift. This exposure is facilitated by a wide range of essential medical equipment, including cardiac catheters, orthopedic implants, silicone breast implants, and even standard intravenous fluid bags, all of which act as direct conduits for polymer particles – fundamental components of plastic.

This issue is particularly acute in neonatal intensive care units, where the most vulnerable patients are exposed from the earliest moments of life. Premature infants receiving intravenous nutrition are estimated to ingest up to 115 microplastic particles in a 72-hour window solely from the plastic infusion circuits. The risk persists during infancy through the consumption of baby formula, which can contain significant levels of microplastics depending on the type of packaging and the preparation methods used, the report says.

The domestic environment poses its own set of challenges, as common children’s products like building bricks and play mats continuously shed particles of PET, PVC, and polypropylene into the air and floor dust. Because children breathe more air relative to their body weight and spend more time in contact with settled dust, their proportional exposure is significantly higher than that of adults.

This indoor plastic presence is further amplified by household paint, which is largely composed of plastic binders. As paint surfaces weather or are scraped during renovations, they release a staggering volume of polymeric particles; a single coat applied over 100 square meters can contain between 17 and 68 quadrillion polymeric paint particles, turning everyday walls into a major, if overlooked, source of plastic pollution.

“Many people still think of plastic pollution as something that affects oceans and beaches, not their own health,” said Maria Westerbos, Founder of Plastic Soup Foundation, a Netherlands-based organization that commissioned the report. “But our living environments themselves are microplastic generators, and exposure is happening all the time, in ways most people have never considered.”

Emerging Sources Could Worsen Exposure

The report also cites evidence of emerging climate interventions that risk worsening microplastic exposure.

Among them is stratospheric aerosol injection – a proposed solar geoengineering technique designed to rapidly cool the planet by injecting reflective particles into the stratosphere, at altitudes of 10 or 20 kilometers. While most current research focuses on injecting sulfur dioxide or calcium carbonate, plastic polymers are also being looked at. “This forms a yet unquantified but potentially ‘terascale’ source of intentionally added airborne microplastics and fallout,” the report says, adding that rainfall already contains microplastics from car tires, synthetic textiles and clothing.

Countries including the UK and the US are funding research into this technology, which has the potential to mitigate global warming.

Plastic, which is produced from fossil fuels, contributes 3.4% of global greenhouse gas emissions, comparable to the emissions of the entire aviation industry. Humans now generate 400 million tonnes of plastic waste every year, 60% of which end up in our natural environment, where they break down but never fully disappear.

While the long-term effects of microplastic exposure are still unclear, the risks are “scientifically plausible, potentially serious, and inequitable to present and future generations,” the report says.

More on the topic: Are Microplastics Harmful And How Can We Avoid Them?